I. Tu tuong ho chi minh ve van de dan toc

1. Doc lap, tu do la quyen thieng lieng, bat kha xam pham cua tat ca cac dan toc

Doc lap, tu do la khat vong lon nhat cua cac dan toc thuoc dia. Ho Chi Minh noi:

"Tu do cho dong bao toi, doc lap cho To quoc toi, day la tat ca nhung dieu toi muon;

day la tat ca nhung dieu toi hieu"1. Trong qua tr'nh t'm duong cuu nuoc, Ho Chi Minh

da t'm hieu va tiep nhan nhung nhan to ve quyen con nguoi trong Tuyen ngon doc lap

nam 1776 cua My, Tuyen ngon nhan quyen va dan quyen nam 1791 cua cach mang

Phap. Tu do, Nguoi da khai quat va nang len thanh quyen cua cac dan toc: "Tat ca cac

dan toc tren the gioi deu sinh ra b'nh dang, dan toc nao cung co quyen song, quyen sung

suong va quyen tu do"2.

Nam 1919, van dung nguyen tac dan toc tu quyet thieng lieng da duoc cac nuoc

Dong minh thang tran trong Chien tranh the gioi thu nhat thua nhan, thay mat nhung nguoiViet Nam yeu nuoc, Nguoi gui toi Hoi nghi Vecxay (Phap) ban Yeu sach gom tam diem, d?i cac quyen tu do, dan chu cho nhan dan Viet Nam. Ban Yeu sach chua de cap van de doc lap hay tu tri, ma tap trung vao hai noi dung co ban:

Mot la, d?i quyen b'nh dang ve che do phap lu cho nguoi ban xu Dong Duong

nhu doi voi nguoi chau Au

Hai la, d?i cac quyen tu do dan chu toi thieu cho nhan dan, do la cac quyen tu do ngon luan, tu do bao chi, tu do lap hoi, tu do hoi hop, tu do cu tru...

Ban Yeu sach do khong duoc bon de quoc chap nhan. Nguyen ai Quoc ket luan: Muon giai phong dan toc, khong the bi dong trong cho vao su giup do ben ngoai, ma truoc het phai dua vao suc manh cua chinh dan toc m'nh.

Cach mang Thang Tam thanh cong, Nguoi thay mat Chinh phu lam thoi doc Tuyen ngon doc lap, long trong khang dinh truoc toan the gioi: "Nuoc Viet Nam co quyen huong tu do va doc lap, va su that da thanh mot nuoc tu do doc lap. Toan the dan toc Viet Nam quyet dem tat ca tinh than va luc luong, tinh mang va cua cai de giu vung quyen tu do, doc lap ay"3.

Khi de quoc My mo rong

chien tranh leo thang ra mien Bac, Ho Chi Minh neu mot chan lu co gia tri cho moi thoi dai:

"Khong co g' quu hon doc lap, tu do"3. Khong co g' quu hon doc lap, tu do la muc tieu

chien dau, la nguon suc manh lam nen chien thang cua dan toc Viet Nam, dong thoi

cung la nguon dong vien lon doi voi cac dan toc bi ap buc tren toan the gioi. V' vay,

Nguoi khong chi duoc ton vinh la "Anh hung giai phong dan toc" cua Viet Nam ma c?n thua nhan la "Nguoi khoi xuong cuoc dau tranh giai phong cua cac dan toc thuoc dia

trong the ky XX".

2. Chu nghia dan toc la mot dong luc lon o cac nuoc dang dau tranh gianh doc lap

Theo Ho Chi Minh, do kinh te c?n lac hau, chua phat trien, nen su phan hoa giai cap o Dong Duong chua triet de, v' the cuoc dau tranh giai cap khong dien ra giong nhu o phuong Tay. Cac giai cap van co su tuong dong lon: du la dia chu hay nong dan, ho deu chiu chung so phan la nguoi no le mat nuoc. Tu su phan tich do, Nguoi kien nghi ve Cuong linh hanh dong cua Quoc te cong san la: "Phat dong chu nghia dan toc ban xu nhan danh Quoc te cong san... Khi chu nghia dan toc cua ho thang loi... nhat dinh chu nghia dan toc ay se bien thanh chu nghia quoc te"4.

Nhu vay, xuat phat tu su phan tich quan he giai cap trong xa hoi thuoc dia, tu truyen thong dan toc Viet Nam, Ho Chi Minh da danh gia cao suc manh cua chu nghia dan toc ma nhung nguoi cong san phai nam lay va phat huy. Nguoi cho do la mot chinh sach mang tinh hien thuc tuyet voi. Chu nghia dan toc ban xu nhan danh Quoc te cong san ma Ho Chi Minh de cap o day la chu nghia dan toc chan chinh, chu khong phai la chu nghia dan toc hep h?i.

3. Ket hop nhuan nhuyen dan toc voi giai cap, doc lap dan toc va chu nghia xa hoi, chu nghia yeu nuoc voi chu nghia quoc te

Ngay tu khi lua chon con duong cach mang vo san, o Ho Chi Minh da co su gan bo thong nhat giua dan toc va giai cap, dan toc va quoc te, doc lap dan toc va chu nghia xa hoi. Nam 1930, trong Cuong linh chinh tri dau tien cua Dang, Nguoi xac dinh phuong huong chien luoc cua cach mang Viet Nam la: lam tu san dan quyen cach mang va tho dia cach mang de di toi xa hoi cong san.

Tu tuong Ho Chi Minh vua phan anh quy luat khach quan cua su nghiep giai

phong dan toc trong thoi dai cach mang vo san, vua phan anh moi quan he khang khit

giua muc tieu giai phong dan toc voi muc tieu giai phong giai cap va giai phong con

nguoi.

Xoa bo ach ap buc dan toc ma khong xoa bo t'nh trang boc lot va ap buc giai cap

th' nhan dan lao dong van chua duoc giai phong. Chi co xoa bo tan goc t'nh trang ap

buc, boc lot, chi co thiet lap mot nha nuoc thuc su cua dan, do dan, v' dan moi bao dam

cho nguoi lao dong co quyen lam chu, moi thuc hien duoc su phat trien hai h?a giua ca

nhan va xa hoi, giua doc lap dan toc voi tu do va hanh phuc cua con nguoi. Do do, sau

khi gianh doc lap, phai tien len xay dung chu nghia xa hoi, lam cho dan giau, nuoc

manh, moi nguoi deu duoc sung suong, tu do. Su phat trien dat nuoc theo con duong

chu nghia xa hoi la mot bao dam vung chac cho nen doc lap cua dan toc.

Ho Chi Minh dua ra quan diem: Doc lap cho dan toc m'nh, dong thoi doc lap cho tat ca cac dan toc.

Theo Ho Chi Minh, doc lap tu do la quyen thieng lieng, bat kha xam pham cua cac dan toc. La mot chien si quoc te chan chinh, Ho Chi Minh khong chi dau tranh cho doc lap cua dan toc m'nh ma c?n dau tranh cho doc lap cua tat ca cac dan toc bi ap buc tren toan the gioi.

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