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KÕt cÊu vµ tÝnh to¸n «t«: (PhÇn truyÒn lùc trªn «t«) -                                           Ngµnh C«ng nghÖ ¤t«

Ch¬ng 4

truyÒn ®éng c¸c-®¨ng

1 C«ng dông - yªu cÇu - ph©n lo¹i :

1.1 C«ng dông :

TruyÒn ®éng c¸c-®¨ng dïng ®Ó truyÒn chuyÓn ®éng vµ m«men xo¾n gi÷a c¸c trôc

kh«ng n»m trªn cïng  mét ®−êng th¼ng; mµ th−êng c¾t nhau d−íi mét gãc α nµo ®ã vµ

gi¸ trÞ cña nã cã thÓ thay ®æi trong qu¸ tr×nh xe chuyÓn ®éng.

Trªn «t« m¸y kÐo, truyÒn ®éng c¸c-®¨ng th−êng dïng  ®Ó truyÒn chuyÓn ®éng vµ

m« men xo¾n tõ hép sè (hoÆc tõ hép ph©n phèi) ®Õn c¸c cÇu chñ ®éng, tõ cÇu chñ ®éng

®Õn c¸c b¸nh xe chñ ®éng dÉn h−íng  hoÆc c¸c b¸nh xe chñ ®éng trong hÖ thèng treo

®éc lËp. Ngoµi ra, truyÒn ®éng c¸c-®¨ng còng dïng  ®Ó truyÒn chuyÓn ®éng vµ m« men xo¾n gi÷a c¸c côm riªng kh¸c trªn «t« nh− : têi trang bÞ phô, trôc l¸i trong hÖ thèng l¸i.

1.2 Yªu cÇu :

§Ó b¶o ®¶m c«ng dông nªu trªn, ngoµi c¸c yªu cÇu chung vÒ søc bÒn vµ kÕt cÊu gän nhÑ, truyÒn  ®éng c¸c-®¨ng trªn  «-t« m¸y kÐo cßn ph¶i tho¶ m·n c¸c yªu  cÇu   ®Æc tr−ng sau :

c Víi  bÊt k× sè vßng quay nµo cña trôc c¸c-®¨ng (øng víi c¸c sè truyÒn cña hép sè) kh«ng ®−îc cã dao ®éng, va ®Ëp, kh«ng cã t¶i ®éng lín do m« men qu¸n tÝnh g©y ra.

d C¸c trôc c¸c-®¨ng ph¶i b¶o ®¶m quay ®Òu, kh«ng cã hiÖn t−îng c«ng h−ëng víi bÊt k× chÕ ®é lµm viÖc nµo.

e HiÖu suÊt truyÒn ®éng cao, kÓ c¶ víi khi gãc lÖch α gi÷a hai trôc lín.

1.3 Ph©n lo¹i :

Tuú theo c«ng dông, tÝnh chÊt  ®éng  häc, kÕt cÊu..., cã thÓ ph©n lµm c¸c lo¹i sau :

Theo c«ng dông trªn «t« m¸y kÐo :

GVC. Ths.  Lª V¨n Tôy - Khoa C¬ khÝ Giao th«ng - Trêng §¹i häc B¸ch khoa - §H§N              1


KÕt cÊu vµ tÝnh to¸n «t«: (PhÇn truyÒn lùc trªn «t«) -                                           Ngµnh C«ng nghÖ ¤t«

-    TruyÒn ®éng c¸c-®¨ng chÝnh : nèi hép sè hoÆc hép ph©n phèi víi truyÒn lùc

chÝnh cña cÇu chñ ®éng (th−êng cã gãc lÖch trôc c¸c-®¨ng α kh«ng qu¸ 200).

-    TruyÒn ®éng c¸c-®¨ng trong c¸c cÇu chñ ®éng : nèi truyÒn lùc chÝnh víi  c¸c

b¸nh xe chñ ®éng (cã gãc lÖch trôc α ®Õn 400  ®èi víi  c¸c b¸nh xe chñ ®éng dÉn h−íng hoÆc α < 200  ®èi víi c¸c b¸nh xe chñ ®éng kh«ng dÉn h−íng).

-    TruyÒn ®éng c¸c-®¨ng trong c¸c côm phô cã gãc lÖch trôc α kh«ng qu¸ 200.

Theo tÝnh chÊt ®éng häc cã :

-    Lo¹i khíp  c¸c-®¨ng kh¸c tèc (th−êng víi  gãc α ≤ 200) lµ khíp  c¸c-®¨ng cã tèc ®é gãc cña trôc bÞ ®éng ω2 kh¸c víi tèc ®é gãc cña trôc chñ ®éng ω1.

-    Lo¹i khíp  c¸c-®¨ng ®ång tèc (th−êng víi  gãc α ≤ 450) lµ khíp  c¸c-®¨ng cã tèc ®é gãc cña trôc bÞ ®éng ω2 lu«n b»ng tèc ®é gãc cña trôc chñ ®éng ω1.

Theo kÕt cÊu cña khíp c¸c-®¨ng cã :

-    Lo¹i khíp c¸c-®¨ng kh¸c tèc : gåm cã lo¹i cøng, lo¹i mÒm.

-    Lo¹i khíp c¸c-®¨ng ®ång tèc : gåm cã lo¹i ®ång tèc kÐp, ®ång tèc cam, ®ång tèc bi kiÓu r·nh ph©n chia, ®ång tèc bi kiÓu ®ßn ph©n chia.

§Ó b¶o ®¶m c¸c yªu  cÇu nªu  trªn,  th× truyÒn  ®éng  c¸c-®¨ng cã thÓ dïng  mét khíp c¸c-®¨ng ®ång tèc (hoÆc hai khíp ®ång tèc tuú theo yªu cÇu cña côm truyÒn  ®éng)  hoÆc hai khíp c¸c-®¨ng kh¸c tèc víi gi¶i ph¸p sao cho tèc ®é gãc trôc bÞ ®éng  cña khíp c¸c-®¨ng thø hai b»ng tèc ®é gãc trôc chñ ®éng cña khíp  c¸c-®¨ng thø nhÊt. §«i  khi còng cã thÓ  dïng  ®Õn  ba, bèn khíp  c¸c-®¨ng kh¸c  tèc víi  gèi tùa trung gian trong tr−êng hîp kho¶ng c¸ch cña hai côm chi tiÕt m¸y kh¸ lín  nh− xe kh¸ch hoÆc xe t¶i cã chiÒu dµi c¬ së lín.  Lóc nµy còng ph¶i yªu  cÇu tèc ®é gãc cña trôc bÞ ®éng  cña khíp c¸c-®¨ng thø ba ph¶i b»ng tèc ®é gãc cña trôc chñ ®éng cña khíp c¸c-®¨ng thø nhÊt.

Trªn h×nh H5-1 : tr×nh bµy s¬ ®å truyÒn  ®éng c¸c-®¨ng chÝnh trªn  «t« nèi gi÷a hép sè (1) víi  cÇu chñ ®éng (5). TruyÒn ®éng c¸c-®¨ng gåm hai trôc (2) vµ (4) víi  hai

khíp nèi hai ®Çu víi  hép sè (1) vµ cÇu chñ ®éng (5). Khíp  nèi trung gian l¾p gÇn  æ ®ì

GVC. Ths.  Lª V¨n Tôy - Khoa C¬ khÝ Giao th«ng - Trêng §¹i häc B¸ch khoa - §H§N              2


KÕt cÊu vµ tÝnh to¸n «t«: (PhÇn truyÒn lùc trªn «t«) -                                           Ngµnh C«ng nghÖ ¤t«

mÒm trung gian (3) cho phÐp thay ®æi ®−îc chiÒu dµi nhê khíp  nèi then hoa. §iÒu nµy nh»m b¶o ®¶m cho truyÒn ®éng c¸c-®¨ng lµm viÖc b×nh th−êng khi cÇu chñ ®éng (5) cã

sù dÞch chuyÓn t−¬ng ®èi so víi khung xe th«ng qua bé phÇn ®µn håi cña hÖ thèng treo.

1                                                      2                   3                              4

5

H×nh H5-1: TruyÒn ®éng c¸c d¨ng chÝnh trªn «t«

Trªn h×nh H5-2 tr×nh bµy s¬ ®å truyÒn ®éng c¸c-®¨ng trong cÇu chñ ®éng :

3

2

12                             5

H×nh H5-2: TruyÒn ®éng c¸c ®¨ng nèi truyÒn lùc chÝnh vµ b¸nh xe

H×nh H5-2 : S¬ ®å truyÒn ®éng c¸c-®¨ng nèi gi÷a truyÒn lùc chÝnh (5) víi  b¸nh xe chñ ®éng dÉn h−íng  ë hÖ thèng treo ®éc lËp. TruyÒn ®éng c¸c-®¨ng gåm hai khíp c¸c-®¨ng ®ång tèc (12). Trong ®ã khíp phÝa ngoµi (phÝa b¸nh xe) cã vÞ trÝ thuéc ®−êng t©m cña trô quay ®øng ®Ó  cho phÐp quay b¸nh xe dÉn h−íng quay khi xe ®i vµo  ®−êng vßng. Khíp c¸c ®¨ng bªn trong cã thÓ dïng  ®ång tèc kÐp (hai khíp  cac-d¨ng ch÷ thËp)

®Ó b¶o ®¶m cho hÖ thèng treo dao ®éng so víi khung xe. Khíp tr−ît then hoa (2) nh»m

GVC. Ths.  Lª V¨n Tôy - Khoa C¬ khÝ Giao th«ng - Trêng §¹i häc B¸ch khoa - §H§N              3


                                                                                                                     

cho phÐp trôc c¸c-®¨ng thay ®æi chiÒu  dµi khi dao ®éng. Æ  ®ì (3) ®Ó ®Þnh vÞ chÝnh x¸c vÞ

trÝ cña khíp cac-®¨ng ®ång tèc bªn ngoµi sao cho n»m trªn trôc cña trô quay ®øng.

2 ph©n tÝch ®Æc ®iÓm kÕt cÊu vµ x¸c ®Þnh c¸c th«ng sè c¬ b¶n :

2.1 TruyÒn ®éng c¸c-®¨ng kh¸c tèc :

a) §éng  häc cña c¬ cÊu c¸c-®¨ng kh¸c tèc :

A                                                      A

1

B

ϕ

1                                                                                                α

2                                                           ϕ2

H×nh H5-3 : S¬ ®å nguyªn lý truyÒn ®éng c¸c-®¨ng kh¸c tèc

XÐt ®iÓm A n»m trªn ®Çu chèt ®øng cña ch÷ thËp (h×nh H5-3). Khi trôc (1) quay,

®iÓm A vÏ nªn  vßng trßn b¸n kÝnh  OA trong mÆt ph¼ng  th¼ng  ®øng  mp(d).  §iÓm B

t−¬ng øng n»m trªn ®Çu chèt kia (t¹m gäi lµ chèt ngang) cña ch÷ thËp khi Êy sÏ vÏ nªn

vßng trßn n»m trong mÆt  ph¼ng nghiªng  lËp víi  mÆt ®øng  mp(d) mét gãc α. §−êng

th¼ng qua t©m O cña chèt ch÷ thËp vµ vu«ng gãc víi  mÆt ph¼ng chøa hai t©m trôc cña

hai n¹ng chÝnh lµ giao tuyÕn cña hai mÆt ph¼ng chuyÓn dÞch cña hai chèt ch÷ thËp.

Nh− vËy, khi c¸c trôc quay th× hai chèt ch÷ thËp lÇn l−ît l¾c quanh trôc kia trong

gãc giíi  h¹n α. Sau mçi vßng quay cña chèt thø nhÊt, sÏ cã hai lÇn chèt thø hai thuéc

mÆt ph¼ng  cña chèt thø nhÊt; vµ ng−îc l¹i còng cã hai lÇn chèt thø nhÊt thuéc mÆt ph¼ng

cña chèt thø hai. Do ®ã, cã hiÖn t−îng quay kh«ng ®Òu cña trôc n¹ng thø hai (2) khi trôc n¹ng thø nhÊt (1) quay ®Òu.

Theo gi¸o tr×nh nguyªn lý m¸y, víi bÊt kú vÞ trÝ nµo  cña c¸c trôc, ta cã biÓu thøc quan hÖ ®éng häc cña c¸c trôc n¹ng c¸c-®¨ng kh¸c tèc ch÷ thËp :


tgϕ1   = tgϕ 2 .cosα.


(5-1)


Trong ®ã : ϕ1, ϕ2         : Gãc quay cña trôc chñ ®éng vµ trôc bÞ ®éng  cña c¸c-®¨ng;

α          : Gãc lÖc trôc cña hai trôc n¹ng c¸c-®¨ng.

                                                                                                                                                        4


KÕt cÊu vµ tÝnh to¸n «t«: (PhÇn truyÒn lùc trªn «t«) -                                           Ngµnh C«ng nghÖ ¤t«


(ϕ2 − ϕ1 )

5

4

3

2

1

0


α = 300

α = 200

α = 100


-1  0           15          30          45          60          75          90         105        120       135        150        165        180

-2

-3

-4

-5

Gãc quay trôc chñ ®éng ϕ1 [®é]

H×nh H5-4a : §å thÞ biªn thiªn hiÖu (ϕ1- ϕ2) theo gãc quay trôc chñ ®éng ϕ1

LÊy ®¹o hµm theo thêi gian hai vÕ cña ph−¬ng tr×nh (5-1) ta ®−îc :


dϕ1  .

dt


1

1

cos 2 ϕ


= dϕ 2  .

dt


1

2

cos 2 ϕ


.cosα .


(5-2)


Sau khi biÕn  ®æi l−îng gi¸c, ta ®−îc quan hÖ vËn tèc gãc cña hai trôc :


ω 2    =

1

ω1


sin 2 ϕ


cosα

1

+ cos 2 α. cos 2 ϕ


(5-3)


§å thÞ trªn h×nh H5-4a biÓu thÞ sù thay ®æi hiÖu sè tèc gãc quay (ϕ1- ϕ2) sau nöa vßng quay cña trôc chñ ®éng ϕ1 øng víi c¸c gäc lÖch trôc α kh¸c nhau 100, 200, 300. Sau

nöa vßng quay, trôc bÞ ®éng  (2) mét lÇn v−ît nhanh h¬n trôc chñ ®éng (1) vµ mét lÇn

chËm h¬n trôc (1). §å thÞ trªn h×nh H5-4b biÓu thÞ sù thay ®æi tû sè tèc ®é gãc (ω2/ω1)

sau nöa vßng quay cña trôc chñ ®éng ϕ1 øng víi c¸c gäc lÖch trôc α t−¬ng øng.

GVC. Ths.  Lª V¨n Tôy - Khoa C¬ khÝ Giao th«ng - Trêng §¹i häc B¸ch khoa - §H§N              5


KÕt cÊu vµ tÝnh to¸n «t«: (PhÇn truyÒn lùc trªn «t«) -                                           Ngµnh C«ng nghÖ ¤t«

ω2/ω1

1.20

1.15

1.10

1.05


1.00

0.95

0.90

0.85

0.80


α = 100

α = 200

α = 300

0                        45                       90                       135                     180

Gãc quay cña trôc chñ ®éng ϕ 1  [®é]


H×nh H5-4b : BiÕn thiªn tû sè tèc ®é gãc (ω2/ω1) theo gãc quay trôc chñ ®éng ϕ1

Tõ ®å thÞ, ta thÊy :

) Tèc ®é gãc cña trôc bÞ ®éng  ω2  lu«n lu«n kh¸c víi  tèc ®é gãc cña trôc chñ

®éng ω1  (sau nöa vßng quay, nã cã hai lÇn ®¹t gi¸ trÞ b»ng tèc ®é gãc cña trôc chñ

®éng). Nãi c¸ch kh¸c, khi trôc chñ ®éng quay ®Òu, trôc bÞ ®éng  (2) vÉn quay kh«ng ®Òu.

) Sù quay kh«ng ®Òu cña trôc bÞ ®éng  so víi trôc chñ ®éng cµng t¨ng khi gãc α

cµng lín. Biªn ®é dao ®éng cña tû sè (ω2/ω1) phô thuéc vµo gãc lÖch α nh− sau :


⎛ ω 2  ⎞     =      1


vµ        ⎜ ω 2  ⎟


= cosα


(5-4)


⎜      ⎟

⎝ ω 2  ⎠ max


cosα


⎛      ⎞

ω

⎜      ⎟

⎝    2  ⎠ min


GVC. Ths.  Lª V¨n Tôy - Khoa C¬ khÝ Giao th«ng - Trêng §¹i häc B¸ch khoa - §H§N              6


KÕt cÊu vµ tÝnh to¸n «t«: (PhÇn truyÒn lùc trªn «t«) -                                           Ngµnh C«ng nghÖ ¤t«

b) C¸c gi¶i ph¸p lµm ®ång ®Òu tèc ®é cho hÖ c¸c-®¨ng kh¸c tèc :

♦ c¸c-®¨ng kÐp : Mét hÖ thèng truyÒn ®éng c¸c-®¨ng gåm tæ hîp  hai khíp

c¸c-®¨ng kh¸c tèc vµ ba trôc (h×nh H5-5) trong ®ã trôc bÞ ®éng  cña khíp  c¸c-®¨ng thø

nhÊt (A) ®ång thêi lµ trôc chñ ®éng cña khíp c¸c-®¨ng thø hai (B). Gãc quay t−¬ng øng cña c¸c trôc ®−îc ký hiÖu nh− sau :

ϕ1         : Gãc quay cña trôc thø nhÊt (1);

ϕ2         : Gãc quay cña trôc thø hai (2);

ϕ3         : Gãc quay cña trôc thø ba (3);

A                          α12                                                 B


ϕ2

ϕ1                                                                                                                                                               ϕ3


α23


H×nh H5-5 : S¬ ®å hÖ c¸c-®¨ng kÐp gåm hai khíp kh¸c tèc

Sö dông biÓu thøc (5-1) lÇn l−ît ¸p dông cho khíp  c¸c-®¨ng thø nhÊt (1-A-2) vµ

khíp c¸c-®¨ng thø hai (2-B-3):


tgϕ1     = tgϕ 2 .cosα12

tg (ϕ 2   ± π / 2) = tg (ϕ 3   ± π / 2).cosα 23


(5-5*)


Trong ®ã :

α12         : Gãc lÖch trôc gi÷a trôc thø nhÊt (1) vµ trôc thø hai (2) cña khíp (A);

α23        : Gãc lÖch trôc gi÷a trôc thø hai (2) vµ trôc thø ba (3) cña khíp (B);

(*)       : §èi  víi khíp c¸c-®¨ng (B) cã sù lÖch pha ± π/2 so víi khíp thø nhÊt khi

xÐt cïng hÖ to¹ ®é chung víi khíp (A).

GVC. Ths.  Lª V¨n Tôy - Khoa C¬ khÝ Giao th«ng - Trêng §¹i häc B¸ch khoa - §H§N              7


KÕt cÊu vµ tÝnh to¸n «t«: (PhÇn truyÒn lùc trªn «t«) -                                           Ngµnh C«ng nghÖ ¤t«

Tõ (5-5*) suy ra quan hÖ vÒ gãc quay cña trôc thø ba (3) so víi trôc thø nhÊt (1) :


tgϕ


= tgϕ  . cosα 23


(5-6)


12

3                     1   cosα

NÕu α32  = α12  th× chóng ta lu«n lu«n cã ϕ3 = ϕ1; nghÜa lµ cã sù ®ång ®Òu tèc ®é cña trôc thø ba (3) so víi  trôc thø nhÊt (1): ω3  = ω1. §©y lµ gi¶i ph¸p ®¬n gi¶n vµ h÷u

hiÖu  ®Ó lµm  ®ång  ®Òu tèc ®é cña hÖ thèng truyÒn ®éng c¸c-®¨ng gåm hai khíp kh¸c tèc

vµ ba trôc nh− trªn h×nh H5-6a, b.

Gi¶i ph¸p trªn  h×nh H5-6a (trôc thø nhÊt vµ trôc thø ba giao nhau trªn  ®−êng trung trùc cña trôc trung gian) ®−îc sö dông trong c¸c tr−êng hîp truyÒn ®éng c¸c côm phô trªn  xe cã ®−êng t©m trôc cña trôc dÇn vµ trôc bÞ dÉn lµ cè ®Þnh (nh− trôc nèi v«

l¨ng l¸i víi c¬ cÊu l¸i cña hÖ thèng l¸i «t«).

α12


ϕ2

ϕ1                                                                                                                                                               ϕ3


α23


H×nh H5-6a : S¬ ®å hÖ c¸c-®¨ng kÐp gåm hai khíp kh¸c tèc cã trôc giao nhau

ϕ3

α12                                                                                                               α23

ϕ2

ϕ1

H×nh H5-6b : S¬ ®å hÖ c¸c-®¨ng kÐp gåm hai khíp kh¸c tèc cã trôc song song.

GVC. Ths.  Lª V¨n Tôy - Khoa C¬ khÝ Giao th«ng - Trêng §¹i häc B¸ch khoa - §H§N              8


KÕt cÊu vµ tÝnh to¸n «t«: (PhÇn truyÒn lùc trªn «t«) -                                           Ngµnh C«ng nghÖ ¤t«

Gi¶i ph¸p trªn h×nh H5-6b (trôc thø nhÊt vµ trôc thø ba song song víi nhau) ®−îc sö dông chñ yÕu trong hÖ thèng truyÒn lùc «t« nh− nèi hép sè víi  truyÒn lùc chÝnh cña cÇu chñ ®éng, nèi truyÒn lùc chÝnh víi  b¸nh xe chñ ®éng ë hÖ thèng treo ®éc lËp. Gi¶i ph¸p nµy b¶o ®¶m cho c¸c gãc lÖch c¸c-®¨ng lu«n b»ng nhau trong bÊt kú dao ®éng nµo cña c¸c b¸nh xe chñ ®éng (nhê tÝnh chÊt  gãc so le trong cña hai trôc song song).

§Ó gi¶m gãc lÖch trôc cña khíp  c¸c-®¨ng, cã thÓ bè trÝ côm ®éng c¬, ly hîp  vµ hép sè nghiªng  xuèng vÒ phÝa  sau; trong khi ®ã côm cÇu chñ ®éng cã ®−êng t©m trôc nèi víi c¸c ®¨ng ®−îc bè trÝ nghiªng lªn vÒ phÝa tr−íc song song trôc hép sè.

♦ C¬ cÊu c¸c-®¨ng kÐp : C¬ cÊu c¸c-®¨ng kÐp lµ biÕn thÓ ®Æc biÖt  cña hÖ hai

khíp c¸c-®¨ng kh¸c tèc ®−îc bè trÝ  theo gi¶i ph¸p trôc giao nhau (s¬ ®å h×nh H5-6a);

trong ®ã trôc c¸c-®¨ng trung gian (2) ®−îc thu ng¾n hoµn toµn (l2  → 0). §Ó b¶o ®¶m cho c¸c gãc lÖch α12  vµ α23  lu«n lu«n b»ng nhau víi  mäi gãc lÖc α, ng−êi ta ph¶i thiÕt  kÕ thªm mét c¬ cÊu chØnh t©m ®Ó duy tr× α12 = α23. C¬ cÊu c¸c-®¨ng kÐp  kh«ng  ®−îc  sö

dông trªn «t« do kÕt cÊu kång kÒnh so víi hai ph−¬ng ¸n ®· nªu.

c) §Æc ®iÓm kÕt cÊu :

TruyÒn ®éng c¸c-®¨ng víi  kiÓu c¸c-®¨ng kh¸c tèc cã cÊu t¹o vµ kÕt cÊu chi tiÕt kh¸ ®¬n gi¶n : gåm bÝch nèi (1) ®Ó  nèi víi  trôc thø cÊp cña hép sè, n¹ng c¸c-®¨ng chñ

®éng (3) quay trong c¸c æ bi kim (2). Chèt ch÷ thËp cïng víi n¹ng c¸c-®¨ng bÞ ®éng  (5) cã bÝch nèi (6) ®Ó l¾p ghÐp trôc s¬ cÊp cña truyÒn lùc chÝnh cña cÇu chñ ®éng (côm chi tiÕt 5 trªn h×nh H5-1).

KÕt cÊu trôc c¸c-®¨ng ®−îc chÕ t¹o rçng nh»m gi¶m träng l−îng, gi¶m t¶i träng phô do m« men qu¸n tÝnh g©y ra; ®ång thêi t¨ng ®−îc tÇn sè dao ®éng riªng,  dÔ dµng tr¸nh ®−îc hiÖn t−îng céng h−ëng ®èi víi  trôc c¸c-®¨ng. Trôc c¸c-®¨ng ph¶i ®−îc c©n b»ng tèt sau chÕ t¹o ®Ó tr¸nh rung vµ gi¶m t¶i träng phô ®èi víi c¸c khíp b¶n lÒ cña ch÷ thËp. §Ó b¶o ®¶m cho trôc c¸c-®¨ng thay ®æi ®−îc  chiÒu dµi (kho¶ng c¸ch  gi÷a hai

khíp), ph¶i cã mét ®Çu trôc nèi víi n¹ng c¸c-®¨ng b»ng mèi ghÐp then hoa.

GVC. Ths.  Lª V¨n Tôy - Khoa C¬ khÝ Giao th«ng - Trêng §¹i häc B¸ch khoa - §H§N              9


KÕt cÊu vµ tÝnh to¸n «t«: (PhÇn truyÒn lùc trªn «t«) -                                           Ngµnh C«ng nghÖ ¤t«

1                  2              3                 4                5                     6

H×nh H5-7: KÕt cÊu cac-®¨ng  ch÷ thËp (cac-®¨ng kh¸c tèc)

GVC. Ths.  Lª V¨n Tôy - Khoa C¬ khÝ Giao th«ng - Trêng §¹i häc B¸ch khoa - §H§N            10


KÕt cÊu vµ tÝnh to¸n «t«: (PhÇn truyÒn lùc trªn «t«) -                                           Ngµnh C«ng nghÖ ¤t«

2.2 Khíp c¸c-®¨ng ®ång tèc :

a) §éng häc khíp c¸c-®¨ng ®ång tèc :

Khíp nèi c¸c-®¨ng cã tèc ®é trôc thø cÊp lu«n lu«n b»ng tèc ®é trôc s¬ cÊp gäi lµ

khíp c¸c-®¨ng ®ång tèc (ω2  = ω1). Khíp  c¸c-®¨ng ®ång tèc ®−îc dïng  ®Ó  truyÒn ®éng

cho cÇu võa chñ ®éng võa dÉn h−íng  (nèi truyÒn lùc chÝnh víi b¸nh xe chñ ®éng dÉn

h−íng).  V× gãc quay c¸c b¸nh xe dÉn h−íng  lín  (tõ 350  ÷ 450), nªn  gãc lÖch trôc cña

khíp c¸c-®¨ng ®ång tèc trong tr−êng hîp nµy còng ph¶i lín.

Nguyªn  t¾c  c¬ b¶n cña khíp  c¸c-®¨ng ®ång tèc lµ ®iÓm truyÒn  lùc lu«n lu«n n»m trªn mÆt ph¶ng ph©n gi¸c cña gãc t¹o bëi hai trôc (dùa trªn nguyªn t¾c lµm viÖc cña cÆp b¸nh r¨ng nãn ¨n khíp cã tû sè truyÒn b»ng mét; nghÜa lµ c¸c b¸n kÝnh vßng l¨n

b»ng nhau R1  = R2. §iÒu kh¸c ë ®©y lµ víi c¸c ®¨ng ®ång tèc gãc lÖch trôc α cã thÓ thay

®æi bÊt  kú, tõ 0 ÷ 450).

V× ®iÓm tiÕp xóc P truyÒn lùc tõ trôc chñ ®éng sang trôc bÞ ®éng  lu«n n»m trong

mÆt ph¼ng ph©n gi¸c (h×nh H5-8) nªn kho¶ng c¸ch tõ P ®Õn hai trôc lu«n b»ng nhau (R1

= R2). Do ®ã, vËn tèc gãc cña hai trôc ph¶i b»ng nhau (ω1 = ω2).

O                            Ta cã tèc ®é tÞnh tiÕn cña ®iÓm tiÕp xóc

ω1                                                                                                      chung P :

ω2

P                                            VP1 = VP2   hay ω1.R1 = ω2.R2

V× R1    = R2       nªn        ω1 = ω2


H×nh H-8 : S¬ ®å nguyªn lý c¸c-®¨ng

®ång tèc


NghÜa lµ tèc ®é gãc cña hai trôc b»ng


b) §Æc ®iÓm kÕt cÊu c¸c-®¨ng ®ång tèc bi (kiÓu Weiss):

§Æc ®iÓm kÕt cÊu khíp nèi c¸c-®¨ng ®ång tèc bi kiÓu Weiss ®−îc chØ ra trªn h×nh H5-9a. Lùc tõ n¹ng  (1) truyÒn   ®Õn n¹ng (5) th«ng qua bèn viªn  bi (3). C¸c viªn  bi chuyÓn ®éng trong c¸c r·nh cong (2) vµ (4) n»m ®èi xøng trªn  c¸c n¹ng  (1) vµ (5) vµ

n»m trong c¸c mÆt ph¼ng  vu«ng gãc víi nhau.

GVC. Ths.  Lª V¨n Tôy - Khoa C¬ khÝ Giao th«ng - Trêng §¹i häc B¸ch khoa - §H§N            11


KÕt cÊu vµ tÝnh to¸n «t«: (PhÇn truyÒn lùc trªn «t«) -                                           Ngµnh C«ng nghÖ ¤t«

§−êng t©m cña c¸c r·nh cong lµ nh÷ng vßng trßn cã b¸n kÝnh b»ng nhau vµ cã t©m O1, O2  n»m trªn c¸c ®−êng t©m cña hai n¹ng t−¬ng øng. C¸c t©m O1, O2  c¸ch ®Òu giao ®iÓm O cña hai trôc.

Khi c¸c  trôc quay (1) vµ (5) quay ®Ó  truyÒn lùc cho nhau, ®−êng t©m cña c¸c r·nh (2) vµ (4) sÏ t¹o thµnh hai mÆt cÇu b»ng nhau. Hai mÆt cÇu nµy c¾t nhau theo giao tuyÕn n-n còng lµ mét ®−êng trßn. §−êng trßn nµy chÝnh lµ quü ®¹o chuyÓn ®éng cña

c¸c viªn bi (3).

1       2                            3

4

5

O 1          O  O 2

6

1                2                   4          5

3                              6                           7

H×nh H5-9a: TruyÒn ®éng c¸c ®¨ng ®ång tèc bi (Weiss)

GVC. Ths.  Lª V¨n Tôy - Khoa C¬ khÝ Giao th«ng - Trêng §¹i häc B¸ch khoa - §H§N            12


KÕt cÊu vµ tÝnh to¸n «t«: (PhÇn truyÒn lùc trªn «t«) -                                           Ngµnh C«ng nghÖ ¤t«

Do c¸c viªn bi n»m trªn giao tuyÕn n-n cña hai mÆt cÇu b»ng nhau víi t©m O1, O2

c¸ch ®Òu giao ®iÓm cña hai trôc O, nªn c¸c viªn bi lu«n c¸ch ®Òu hai trôc víi  mäi gãc

lÖch α trong giíi h¹n cho phÐp cña nã. Hay nãi c¸ch kh¸c : c¸c viªn bi lu«n lu«n n»m

trong mÆt ph¼ng  ph©n gi¸c  cña gãc t¹o  bëi hai trôc. V× vËy tèc ®é gãc cña hai trôc

lu«n lu«n b»ng nhau (ω1 = ω2).

§Ó b¶o ®¶m hai t©m O1, O2  cña hai mÆt  cÇu trªn  hai n¹ng  lu«n c¸ch  ®Òu giao

®iÓm O cña hai trôc n¹ng, ph¶i dïng  mét viªn bi ®Þnh  vÞ (6) ®Æt vµo gi÷a hai trôc n¹ng.

§Ó dÔ l¾p viªn bi nµy vµ ®Þnh vÞ nã, ph¶i dïng thªm chèt ®Þnh vÞ (7).

Do c¸c-®¨ng ®ång tèc bi lµm viÖc theo nguyªn lý tiÕp xóc nªn c¸c viªn bi truyÒn lùc vµ c¸c n¹ng c¸c-®¨ng ®Òu ph¶i lµm b»ng thÐp hîp  kim tèt; ®ång thêi ph¶i xö lý c¸c bÒ mÆt tiÕp xóc ®Ó chèng mßn. (VÝ dô thÐp hîp  kim cña Ni-ken vµ M«-lip-den cã thµnh phÇn c¸c-bon thÊp vµ ph¶i ®îc xª-m¨ng-tit  ho¸ bÒ mÆt).

C¸c-®¨ng ®ång tèc bi kiÓu Weiss ®−îc sö dông phæ biÕn ë cÇu võa chñ ®éng võa dÉn h−íng trªn hÇu hÕt c¸c lo¹i xe cã dÇm cÇu liÒn (thèng treo phô thuéc). C¸c-®¨ng

®ång tèc bi kiÓu Weiss cßn ®−îc gäi lµ c¸c-®¨ng ®ång tèc bi kiÓu r·nh  v× c¸c viªn bi

®−îc gi÷ ë mÆt ph¼ng  ph©n gi¸c nhê c¸c r·nh ®Æc biÖt  nh− ®· nªu trªn.

c) §Æc ®iÓm kÕt cÊu c¸c-®¨ng ®ång tèc bi (kiÓu Rzepp):

Khíp nèi c¸c-®¨ng ®ång tèc bi kiÓu Rzepp còng lµm viÖc theo nguyªn lý tiÕp xóc th«ng qua c¸c viªn bi  truyÒn lùc. Tuy vËy,  ®iÒu kh¸c ë ®©y  lµ chóng cã s¸u viªn bi truyÒn lùc ®ång thêi (trong khi ®ã kiÓu  Weiss chØ cã bèn viªn,  vµ mçi chiÒu quay chØ truyÒn theo hai viªn  bi ®èi xøng). Nguyªn lý ®Þnh  vÞ c¸c viªn bi trong mÆt ph¼ng  ph©n gi¸c (cña gãc lËp bëi hai trôc) dùa vµo mét ®ßn chia ®Æc biÖt  nªn khíp  c¸c-®¨ng ®ång tèc bi kiÓu Rzepp cßn ®−îc gäi lµ khíp c¸c-®¨ng ®ång tèc bi kiÓu ®ßn.

§Æc ®iÓm kÕt cÊu khíp  nèi c¸c-®¨ng ®ång tèc bi kiÓu ®ßn ®−îc chØ ra trªn h×nh

H5-9b vµ H5-9c.

GVC. Ths.  Lª V¨n Tôy - Khoa C¬ khÝ Giao th«ng - Trêng §¹i häc B¸ch khoa - §H§N            13


KÕt cÊu vµ tÝnh to¸n «t«: (PhÇn truyÒn lùc trªn «t«) -                                           Ngµnh C«ng nghÖ ¤t«

2                                       3        4

1

O1                      O2

O

H×nh H5-9b: TruyÒn ®éng c¸c ®¨ng ®ång tèc bi kiÓu Rzepp

S¸u viªn bi (3) ®−îc ®Æt trong mét vµnh ®Þnh vÞ (2) vµ dÞch chuyÓn trong s¸u r·nh cong (4). C¸c r·nh cong ®−îc khoÐt trªn  mÆt h×nh cÇu  bªn  trong cña vâ (4) ë mét ®Çu trôc vµ c¸c r·nh cong kh¸c ®−îc gia c«ng trªn  mÆt cÇu  t¹o ra vµnh khÝa (1). C¸c r·nh cong (trong vµ ngoµi) cã t©m O1  vµ  O2  dÞch chuyÓn quanh mét t©m chung O cïng thuéc mét mÆt cÇu chung cã t©m cÇu lµ ®iÓm cña hai trôc n¹ng.

Vµnh (2) gi÷ cho c¸c viªn bi kh«ng bÞ kÑt, kh«ng bÞ rêi ra vµ b¶o ®¶m c¸c viªn bi lu«n n»m trong mÆt ph¼ng ph©n gi¸c cña gãc lËp bëi hai trôc víi bÊt kú chuyÓn dÞch nµo cña c¸c trôc c¸c-®¨ng. C¬ cÊu quan träng quyÕt  ®Þnh duy tr× vµnh  (2) vµ do ®ã c¸c viªn bi lu«n n»m trong mÆt ph¼ng ph©n gi¸c cña gãc lËp bëi hai trôc chÝnh lµ ®ßn chia (5). C¸c mÆt cÇu lu«n lu«n ®−îc duy tr× c¸ch ®Òu t©m  chung O nhê lß xo tú (6) vµ ®ßn chia

(5). §ång  tèc kiÓu nµy cßn ®−îc gäi lµ ®ång tèc bi kiÓu ®ßn chia.

GVC. Ths.  Lª V¨n Tôy - Khoa C¬ khÝ Giao th«ng - Trêng §¹i häc B¸ch khoa - §H§N            14


KÕt cÊu vµ tÝnh to¸n «t«: (PhÇn truyÒn lùc trªn «t«) -                                           Ngµnh C«ng nghÖ ¤t«

2

1                   3

6     5                    4

H×nh H5-9c: TruyÒn ®éng c¸c ®¨ng ®ång tèc bi (kiÓu Rzepp)

5.2.3 X¸c ®Þnh c¸c th«ng sè c¬ b¶n cña truyÒn ®éng c¸c-®¨ng:

a) C¸c ®¨ng kh¸c tèc ch÷ thËp:

KÝch th−íc n¹ng c¸c ®¨ng, chèt ch÷ thËp còng nh− æ bi kim ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh theo

®iÒu kiÖn bÒn trªn c¬ së m«men truyÒn lín nhÊt t¸c dông lªn trôc:

Mmax    = Memaxih1ip1η                                                                        (5-1)

Trong ®ã :

Memax    : M«men cùc ®¹i cña ®éng c¬ [Nm];

ih1          : Tû sè truyÒn sè thÊp cña hép sè;

ih1          : Tû sè truyÒn sè thÊp cña hép sè phô (nÕu cã);

η          : HiÖu suÊt tæng cña hép sè.

Ngoµi  ®iÒu kiÖn bÒn, kÝch th−íc  cña chóng cßn ®−îc  tÝnh  to¸n chèng mßn vµ

chÞu nhiÖt ®é trong ®iÒu kiÖn b«i tr¬n h¹n chÕ ®èi víi  c¸c bÒ mÆt ma s¸t d−íi t¸c dông cña lùc vßng P:

P          =         M max                                                                                                                                                               (5-2)

2RCosα

GVC. Ths.  Lª V¨n Tôy - Khoa C¬ khÝ Giao th«ng - Trêng §¹i häc B¸ch khoa - §H§N            15


KÕt cÊu vµ tÝnh to¸n «t«: (PhÇn truyÒn lùc trªn «t«) -                                           Ngµnh C«ng nghÖ ¤t«

Trong ®ã :

Mmax    : M«men lín nhÊt truyÒn ®Õn khíp c¸c ®¨ng [Nm];

2R        : Kho¶ng c¸ch c¸c ®iÓm  ®Æc lùc trªn hai chèt ch÷ thËp [m];

α          : Gãc lÖch cña trôc c¸c c¨ng bÞ dÉn so víi trôc dÉn.

C«ng ma s¸t trong khíp  c¸c ®¨ng xÉy ra khi dÞch chuyÓn  chèt ch÷ thËp ®i mét

gãc δ d−íi t¸c dông cña lùc

§éng  häc cña c¸c-®¨ng ®ång tèc kiÓu ®ßn chia Rzepp ®−îc quyÕt ®Þnh bíi  c¸c

kÝch th−íc cña ®ßn chia nh− sau :

Tõ h×nh vÏ, víi gãc lÖch α bÊt kú, ta cã :

⎧ DE        b


tgδ


= DE EO


víi


⎪ AC =  a + b

EO = EC + CO = a. cos γ + m. cosα

⎪ AC = m.sin α


(4-??)



m.   b


sin α


Suy ra :


tgδ


        a + b             

m. cosα + a.cos γ


MÆc kh¸c, ta cã : (a+b).sinγ = m.sinα, nªn ta cã :


m.   b


sin α


tgδ


                 a + b                      

2


m      α ⎞


m. cosα + a.


1 − ⎜


.sin

a + b  


NÕu ®Æt K1  = a/b vµ K2  = m/b th× ta cã :


tgδ =


K 2 .


sin α

(K1  + 1)


K . cosα + K .


2

1 − ⎜ K .


2

sin α  ⎞


2                                 1                  ⎜


(K1  + 1) ⎟


GVC. Ths.  Lª V¨n Tôy - Khoa C¬ khÝ Giao th«ng - Trêng §¹i häc B¸ch khoa - §H§N            16


KÕt cÊu vµ tÝnh to¸n «t«: (PhÇn truyÒn lùc trªn «t«) -                                           Ngµnh C«ng nghÖ ¤t«

Nh− vËy, ta cã thÓ chän c¸c tû sè K1  = a/b vµ K2  = m/b sao cho gãc δ xÊp  xØ gãc α/2 th× t©m mÆt cÇu trung gian cña ®ßn chia (6) gÇn nh− thuéc mÆt ph¼ng ph©n gi¸c cña gãc kÑp bëi hai trôc (gãc lÖch trôc α), do ®ã c¸c viªn bi cã thÓ xem gÇn ®óng n»m trong mÆt ph¼ng  ph©n gi¸c cña gãc lËp bëi hai trôc. Vµ do vËy, tèc ®é gãc ω1, ω2   cña hai trôc cña khíp c¸c-®¨ng kiÓu Rzepp cã thÓ xem b»ng nhau víi mäi gãc lÖch trôc α.

Ch¼ng h¹n, b»ng ph−¬ng ph¸p tÝnh xÊp  xØ, víi tû K1  = 0,2 vµ K2  = 0,28 th× gãc δ

≈ α/2 víi mäi gãc lÖch trôc α thay ®æi trong ph¹m vi  tõ 00  ®Õn 400  (sai lÖch t−¬ng ®èi

lín nhÊt kh«ng qu¸ 0,015 - tøc 1,5%). Khi gãc lÖch trôc α ®Õn 440  th× sai lÖch cña δ so

víi α/2 còng chØ ®Õn 0,0195 - tøc 1,95%).

==    ==

GVC. Ths.  Lª V¨n Tôy - Khoa C¬ khÝ Giao th«ng - Trêng §¹i häc B¸ch khoa - §H§N            17

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